Phishing attacks, often delivered via email spam, attempt to trick individuals into giving away sensitive information or login credentials. Most attacks are "bulk attacks" that are not targeted and are instead sent in bulk to a wide audience.[11] The goal of the attacker can vary, with common targets including financial institutions, email and cloud productivity providers, and streaming services.[12] The stolen information or access may be used to steal money, install malware, or spear phish others within the target organization.[5] Compromised streaming service accounts may also be sold on darknet markets.[13]
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Clone phishing is a type of attack where a legitimate email with an attachment or link is copied and modified to contain malicious content. The modified email is then sent from a fake address made to look like it's from the original sender. The attack may appear to be a resend or update of the original email. It often relies on the sender or recipient being previously hacked so the attacker can access the legitimate email.[27][28]
To be effective, a cipher includes a variable as part of the algorithm. The variable, which is called a key, is what makes a cipher's output unique. When an encrypted message is intercepted by an unauthorized entity, the intruder has to guess which cipher the sender used to encrypt the message, as well as what keys were used as variables. The time and difficulty of guessing this information is what makes encryption such a valuable security tool.
At the beginning of the encryption process, the sender must decide what cipher will best disguise the meaning of the message and what variable to use as a key to make the encoded message unique. The most widely used types of ciphers fall into two categories: symmetric and asymmetric.
Symmetric ciphers, also referred to as secret key encryption, use a single key. The key is sometimes referred to as a shared secret because the sender or computing system doing the encryption must share the secret key with all entities authorized to decrypt the message. Symmetric key encryption is usually much faster than asymmetric encryption. The most widely used symmetric key cipher is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), which was designed to protect government-classified information.
Key wrapping is a type of security feature found in some key management software suites that essentially encrypts an organization's encryption keys, either individually or in bulk. The process of decrypting keys that have been wrapped is called unwrapping. Key wrapping and unwrapping activities are usually carried out with symmetric encryption.
Encryption, which encodes and disguises the message's content, is performed by the message sender. Decryption, which is the process of decoding an obscured message, is carried out by the message receiver.
If the sender encrypts the message using their private key, the message can be decrypted only using that sender's public key, thus authenticating the sender. These encryption and decryption processes happen automatically; users do not need to physically lock and unlock the message.
The two participants in the asymmetric encryption workflow are the sender and the receiver. Each has its own pair of public and private keys. First, the sender obtains the receiver's public key. Next, the plaintext message is encrypted by the sender using the receiver's public key. This creates ciphertext. The ciphertext is sent to the receiver, who decrypts it with their private key, returning it to legible plaintext.
Bulk samples are sometimes necessary to support analyses of air samples, to document the source of air contaminants or to identify additional hazards. For example, in conjunction with air sampling for organic dusts, it may also be useful to collect bulk samples for analysis of explosibility and flash point to identify additional safety hazards. Or when air sampling for asbestos, it may also be useful to collect one or more bulk samples of suspect building materials to identify the source(s) of airborne fibers if this is not otherwise evident at the work site. Bulk samples are sometimes used in Hazard Communication inspections (i.e., Safety Data Sheet compliance). Consult OSHA's CSI file to determine when bulk samples are appropriate. Bulk samples often require special shipping and handling.
Bulk samples are sometimes taken to document the source of the material present in the air. Always attempt to take representative samples for bulk analysis. The SLTC analysts will make a reasonable attempt to homogenize samples submitted by CSHOs, however, excessive sample quantities and highly non-homogenous samples complicate this process. Ideally, bulk samples should contain a minimum of approximately 200 mg, but less than a gram, shipped in glass 20-mL scintillation vials with PTFE-lined caps.
Where possible, collect and submit a bulk sample of the material suspected to be in the air. Use a wet method for sampling and wear respiratory protection in accordance with regional policy. Submit approximately 0.5 to 1 gram of material in a 20 mL glass scintillation vial with a PolySealTM cap. Be sure to collect samples from all layers and phases (visually distinct types) of the material. A knife or cork-borer may be used. If possible, make separate samples of each different phase of the material, and place each bulk sample in a separate vial. Ship bulk samples and air samples separately to avoid cross-contamination. 2ff7e9595c
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